If you read last week's blog you learned that prepared baby and toddler foods are often high in sugar, particularly added sugar. And as previously mentioned, because infancy and toddlerhood is a critical time period for forming taste preferences and possibly preventing future disease, the need for caretakers to take steps to limit these products is high.

This week, we're revealing the findings on SODIUM content of baby and toddler foods from the same research study (see last week's blog for information on what products were analyzed).¹

As we did with sugar, let's start with the sodium recommendations. The American Academy of Pediatrics and The American Heart Association recommend that children ages 1-3 consume no more than 1,500 mg of sodium per day; 4-8 consume no more than 1,900 mg of sodium per day; 9-13 consume no more than 2,200 mg of sodium per day; and 14-18 consume no more than 2,300 mg of sodium per day. The American Dietetic Association recommends even less at 1,200 mg/day or less for 4-8 year-olds and 1,500 mg/day or less for older children. Thus, toddlers should clearly be consuming less than 1,200 to 1,500 mg of sodium per day - about 3.8 grams of salt or 2/3 teaspoon of table salt.

So what did the researchers find? Over 12 percent of toddler products analyzed contain more than 130 mg of sodium per serving. Sixteen products contain more than 260 mg of sodium per serving. And 11 products contain over 400 mg of sodium per serving. Toddler entrees/dinners topped the 'high-sodium' list with some products exceeding 500 mg of sodium per serving - 1/2 to 1/3 of their daily limit.

And similar to what was found with sugar, sodium levels in baby/toddler products are not always nutritionally superior (less sodium) than adult products. One such case is yogurt where the amount of sodium was less in the comparable adult product.

Thus, while not quite as problematic as sugar, researchers found sodium levels in toddler products to be higher than expected. And therefore, the recommendation given at the end of the last week's blog on sugar also applies here:

Parents need to carefully select the foods they serve their babies and toddlers. Products marketed toward this age group are not necessarily healthy and oftentimes are quite the opposite. So what's the busy parent to do? Read food labels, in particular the Nutrition Facts panel of the food label where sodium is listed, and purchase as many whole foods like fruits, vegetables, whole grain breads, pastas, cereals, and lean meat, eggs, and beans. The more "whole" a product is, the less processed it is and less potential for additives like sodium and sugar. 

¹Elliott, C.D. (2010). Sweet and salty: nutritional content and analysis of baby and toddler foods. Journal of Public Health, Advance Access, doi: 10.1093, pp.1-8. 

If you read our recent blog on the 2010 Dietary Guidelines you know that added sugar and sodium are two dietary components that Americans are eating WAY too much of. While there are differing opinions as to why we're eating too much, it's clear that this is a problem in not only adults, but also children. This is concerning because research shows that dietary habits are formed early in life and persist over time. Furthermore, studies show that the composition of early childhood diet may directly impact metabolic pathways and health during adulthood. Thus, it's imperative that we feed our children the healthiest foods possible.

In this two-part series (see our blog on 7/16 for part two) we'll reveal the results of a study recently published in the Journal of Public Health which collected nutritional information on 186 baby and toddler foods and compared these foods against their adult counterparts for sugar and sodium.¹ Are baby and toddler foods nutritionally superior to adult foods or do they contain levels of sugar and salt that are just as high and may be promoting a taste for 'sweet' and/or 'salty' in young people?

While this study was conducted in Canada, it included brands frequently purchased by American parents like Gerber Graduates, Beech-Nut's Let's Grow, and Walmart's Parent's Choice. Excluded from the study were simple purees of 100% vegetables and fruits. While these foods have naturally occurring sugars, they differ from prepared dinners or desserts that have sugar and/or salt added to them. Thus, the 186 products analyzed included: pureed dinners and desserts, toddler entrees and dinners, snacks (including biscuits, cookies, fruit snacks, snack bars, and yogurts), and some cereals.

So how did the SUGAR content of these baby/toddler foods compare to what's recommended for a "healthy diet" and amounts found in similar adult products?

Let's start with the recommendations. The Institute of Medicine recommends that 25 percent or less of total calories come from added sugars. The World Health Organization recommends that less than 10 percent of total calories come from added sugars. And the American Heart Association recommends that added sugars are no more than half of daily discretionary calories. As an example, a 3-year-old girl who does 30-60 minutes of physical activity a day needs about 1200 calories and is allowed 171 discretionary calories. Thus, it would be recommended that she consume no more than 300, 120, or 85 calories from added sugar.

Determining how much added sugar a food product has is difficult, however. The Nutrition Facts panel on the food label does not distinguish added sugars from naturally occurring sugars. Thus, total sugar was considered for the products in this study, and a product that had more than 20 percent of it's calories from sugar was considered high.

So what did the researchers find? Over half (52 percent) of the products had more than 20 percent of their calories from sugar. Pureed baby food desserts averaged 48 percent of calories from sugar and snacks (biscuits, cookies, corn snacks, rice cakes/crackers, fruit snacks, yogurt) averaged 30 percent of calories from sugar. Forty percent of the products listed sugar or some variant of sugar (e.g., corn syrup, fructose) in the first four ingredients on the label and 36 products listed sugar or some variant of sugar as either the first or second ingredient! Therefore, it can be reasonably assumed that a child who consumes just two of the previously mentioned baby/toddler snacks will exceed his/her recommended daily limit of added sugar.

But these products are nutritionally superior to their adult equivalents, right? Not always! Researchers found that toddler cereal bars had more calories from sugar (on average) than adult cereal bars and teething biscuits had almost the same amount of calories from sugar as adult-targeted biscuits.

In conclusion, parents need to carefully select the foods they serve their babies and toddlers. Products marketed toward this age group are not necessarily healthy and oftentimes are quite the opposite. So what's the busy parent to do? Read food labels, in particular the ingredient list where sugar is listed, and purchase as many whole foods like fruits, vegetables, whole grain breads, pastas, cereals, and lean meat, eggs, and beans. The more "whole" a product is, the less processed it is and less potential for additives like sugar.

Did the results of this study surprise you? Stay tuned for the results of the SODIUM test in next week's blog.

¹Elliott, C.D. (2010). Sweet and salty: nutritional content and analysis of baby and toddler foods. Journal of Public Health, Advance Access, doi: 10.1093, pp.1-8. 

Last week I gave you links to senior-focused physical activity resources.  This week we are going to jump to the other end of the age spectrum – infants, toddlers, and pre-school age children. 

Babies and little kids???  You bet!

Just  as we have said that you are never too old to start being more active, you’re never too young.  But with children of this age, the focus of physical activity is less on calorie burning and more on motor skill development, bonding with caregivers, and learning the enjoyment of movement, and active play.   

Infants and Toddlers

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics¹, there is little evidence that exercise programs for infants or toddlers help increase physical activity or prevent the development of obesity.  Babies get plenty of exercise learning to sit up, crawl, walk and run.  So the AAP recommendation is for parents to encourage play time and play spaces that are minimally structured.  And take it outside.  For example, you can put your baby in a stroller or backpack and go for a walk or hike or to local parks, zoos, or children’s museums.

Your baby can help you get more physical activity, though.  At the same time, you encourage bonding.  Here are several resources that can turn your child into a “mini motivator” for physical activity.

• Stroller Strides
• Mommy and Baby Fitness

Remember, too, the AAP also recommends that children less than 2 years not watch any television.  So as hard as it might be, try not to use it as an electronic babysitter.

Preschool-Aged Children (4-6) years

Play, play, play!  That’s what preschoolers want and need to do.  The AAP recommends running, swimming, throwing and catching, and tumbling on safe surfaces with direct supervision.  It is also a good time to get your kids out of the stroller and on their feet walking – for a reasonable distance, of course.  The key here is to help young children explore, experiment with, and of prime importance, enjoy physical activity.  Here are only a few ways to start your kids off on the right physical activity foot.

• Gymboree
• The Little Gym 

Check with your local YMCA, youth centers, recreation departments, and other community resources for other play programs for this age group.  Don’t forget the convenience of local parks, school yards, and the backyard!

And -- you knew it was coming -- limit your child's screen time to less than 2 hours per day.

So for little ones, physical activity is not about burning calories.  It’s about building a healthy foundation.  You can help by setting an active example yourself and encouraging active play every day.   

How will you and your child play today? Share your ideas in the comments section below.

¹ American Academy of Pediatrics Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness and Council on School Health.  Active healthy living:  Prevention of childhood obesity through increased physical activity.  Pediatrics.  2006;117:1834-1842.